African Slaves During The Middle Passage - 2224 Words

While many slaves succumbed to the violence and terror during the Middle Passage, not all individuals survived these conditions. Out of desperation, many Africans preferred to die, as they lost their will to live. Personal narratives after narrative fully describe the putrid holds and atrocious conditions below the ship. It is apparent the captain of the ship was wholly responsible for the transportation and profit of the â€Å"cargo.† The over-packing of African slaves increased, as the demand for labor in the Americas increased. The enslaved Africans were at the mercy of the ship’s captain and the crew. Unfortunately, those would seek immediate economic wealth are often shortsighted and do not consider the long-term effects. Driven by greed, European traders did not improve horrifying conditions, in which the African slaves endured. In addition, the physical structure of the ship played a fundamental role in the deterioration of the physical health of the African slav es. If European traders transported fewer slaves, maybe more slaves could have survived the long journey across the Atlantic Ocean. Thus, ensuring the sale and delivery of a healthy slave. Due to cramped living conditions, poor hygiene, and a shortage of food, sickness and disease circulated below the decks of the slave ships. One of the most significant physical health problems was malnutrition. The quantity and quality of food were both inadequate, as the ship crews did not want to squander the resources toShow MoreRelatedTriangular Trade Route And The Middle Passage Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagesfor African slaves. The transfer of the slaves was referred to as the middle passage. The middle passage was a harsh and aggressive way of trading African slaves for economic use. The use of African slaves may have been a short term success for the American people however, the long term effect was horrific. Slave trade dates back to Ancient Europe, so the Middle passage shouldn’t be anything different from the norm. However, this was a harsh and gruesome way of trading slaves. Many Africans wereRead MoreThe Middle Passage1035 Words   |  5 Pagesgoods and services such as slaves, sugar, tobacco, cotton, textiles, and many other manufactured goods. One history changing route was the Middle Passage. The course of this route was used to transport kidnapped Africans so they could be enslaved in the Americas. Within a three hundred year period, it is approximated that over ten million African slaves were kidnapped and trafficked to the Americas through the Middle Passage. The plights of the slaves across the middle passage were increased by the physicalRead MoreThe Extreme Cruelty of the Middle Passage Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pageswhere innocent African Americans encountered such a brutal torment. This infamous ordeal is called the Middle Passage or the â€Å"middle leg† of the Triangular Trade, which was the forceful voyage of African Americans from Africa to the New World. The Africans were taken from their homeland, boarded onto the dreadful ships, and scattered into the New World as slaves. 10- 16 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic during the 1500’s to the 1900’s and 10- 15 percent of them died during the voyageRead MoreEssay on Slave Ship1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Slave Ship by Marcus Rediker is a great fiction novel that describes the horrifying experiences of Africans, seamen, and captains on their journey through the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage marked the water way in the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and the Americas. The use of slaves provided a great economy for the European countries due to the fact that these African slaves provided free labor while cultivating sugar cane in the Caribbean and America. Rediker describes the slave migrationRead MoreThe Transatlantic Slave Trade And The Middle Pas sage Analysis841 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Transatlantic Slave Trade was known as the ‘Outward Passage’. This is where ships carried goods from Europe to trade in Africa for captured slaves. The ‘Middle Passage’ was the second stage of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. The last stage of the Transatlantic Slave Trade was the Return Passage which is where ships returned back to Europe from the New World, usually carrying cargo that consisted of sugar and tobacco they got in exchange for the slaves. The ‘Middle Passage’ was infamously knownRead MoreThe Middle Passage And The Transatlantic Slave Trade1594 Words   |  7 PagesGray History 1301-155 June 22, 15 The Middle Passage During history there has been plenty of slave trade in different countries. They have traded different ethnicities, and each had a different means of use for these people. What is intriguing is how they commuted these people and how this process has impacted their descendants. A major use of trade in history was the middle passage that was part of the transatlantic slave route. â€Å"The transatlantic slave trade concerns history of three continentsRead MoreThe Difficult and Devastating Lives of African People725 Words   |  3 Pages Being an African back during the fifteenth through nineteenth century wasn’t exactly a walk in the park. Waking up every day, living in tribes, and doing daily duties were the most common day for Africans. Until, the middle passage emerged, also known as the Slave Trade. Africans were taken through a devastating ride through history in the making. Africans were kidnapped out of nowhere by the â€Å"white men†. The British, the Europeans, the Caucasian all took part of this â€Å"middle passage era†. Read MoreThe Slave Trade of Europe and The Americas That Lasted 350 Years1050 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the sixteenth century, European merchants began to realize trading Africans for plantation labor to the Americas was the most profitable measure. The Middle Passage is the journey in which slaves were transported to The Americas from West Africa, and sold for profit. The slaves were kidnapped or purchased from their motherland, forced to march to the coast to be sold. The captives were purchased by European merchants, branded and transported to the new world (The Americas). When they arrivedRead MoreHistory Of The United States Before The Civil War1600 Words   |  7 Pagesbuying and selling captured Africans, black slavery had become an institution in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South America and the Caribbean islands. The discovery of raw sugar and rum in the Caribbean created a lucrative opportunity for the Spanish and Portuguese, but they needed people to do the work. With such little population and difficulty enslaving the natives, the Portuguese found it easier and beneficial to enslave African slaves. The use of mass slave labor enabled Spain and PortugalRead MoreThe Beginning of the Slave Trade Essay example560 Words   |  3 Pagescircumstances did the slave trade begin? After the Bantu people migrated to numerous sections in Africa, this particular movement set the spread of agriculture in motion. From the 15th to the 19th century, the Europeans looked to Africa as a work force (slaves) to nurture their farms in the western hemisphere. As mentioned in our text, Traditions and encounters, â€Å"In exchange for slaves, African peoples received European manufactured products†¦.† (p. 424). Furthermore, the Africans had experience in

The Inequality Of People Based Off Of Race - 1369 Words

In the world we live in today, when you look around there are so many different types of people. Differences such as races, backgrounds, and also different people with different stories to tell. We live in a world of a diverse group of people, so different that we found it hard to make everyone equal. Some would think living in such a diverse world we would form a common ground and maybe unite together to be equal but that is far from true. No I m not talking about the inequality of people based off of race or background, the grouping of sex is the issue here. From the beginning of time till now, cultural practices have formed these boundaries. There has always been a separation of males and females and the way they are raised and†¦show more content†¦Together, they show how these gender roles affect our society and what could continue if these practices of gender roles are in effect for a long period of time to come. Over time these ideas of gender roles cause people to only do what they believe they have to do, living what are right on the side. People almost forced to do something, like a job, that coordinates with their sex rather than their passion. This over time can lead to many missed opportunities and again, never achieving gender equality that we are all seeking. Comparing these two essays together can give people a better idea of what is really the reality of gender separation. Both Lorber and Tannen had a similar idea about the issue of gender boundaries, which is that inequality is observable in both genders due to the boundaries that have formed from society. Lorber focuses on the biological differences between male and female, rather than what society believes. She goes into detail about how women are separated or treated differently from men just because of a biological difference. In comparison, Tannen discusses the behavior and language of males and females in a classroom setting, discussing how males take on different types of questions and public speaking differently than females. She discusses how males and females learn to participate in different ways. Between the two authors, there is one point that serves for the basis of my

Wide Sargasso Sea Revisited Elizabeth Nunez’s Bruised...

Elizabeth Nunez writes Bruised Hibiscus (2000) offering some of the most complicated issues of female identity, oppression and quest for liberation in male centered postcolonial Caribbean society with strong resonances to Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea (1966). Nunez’s central characters Zuela and Rosa Appleton undergo a series of annihilation of their identities and exploitation and oppression from their husbands. By situating Rosa in a similar position as of Antoinette Cosway in Wide Sargasso Sea, Nunez creates yet another story of a Caribbean creole who suffers denial and becomes a victim of male-centred society ending up her life in complete doom and negation without any hope of autonomy and existence. However, Nunez projects some hope of†¦show more content†¦Bhabha contends that mimicry: †¦ is the process of the fixation of the colonial as a form of cross-classificatory, discriminatory knowledge within an interdictory discourse, and therefore, necessarily raises the question of the authorization of colonial representations; a question of authority that goes beyond the subject’s lack of priority (castration) to a historical crisis in the conceptuality of man as an object of regulatory power, as the subject of racial, cultural, national representation. (90) Therefore Cedric merely replicates the colonials and remains a mimic man who aspires to go to England, get English education and become successful, and thereby denying the Caribbean identity and its differences. Rhys’ protagonist, Antoinette Cosway, in Wide Sargasso Sea suffers racial antagonism, sexual exploitation and male suppression. Though the contexts of Rosa and Antoinette’s childhood circumstances are very different they face overtly similar situation of oppression and identity crisis in their journey of claiming their autonomy and respect. Rosa is subjected to her husband, Cedric’s irrational blames and very often his inferiority complex of being a colonized, dehumanized by whites in the colony. On the other

Challenges Of Accounting In Global Organizations Financial Issues

Question: Discuss about theChallenges of Accounting in Global Organizations for Financial Issues. Answer: Introduction Background Information: In the current time of corporate financial environment, a serious and kinds of accounting/financial issues and challenges are faced by todays global organizations that have negative impact not only on their financial situation but also on business reputation, growth, level of revenue sale. In the same way, the accounting challenges are affecting overall business operations, strategies, and processes of organizations at the global level. Moreover, it is also important to know that, the main causes behind such challenges are up gradation in the technology, foreign laws, different accounting financial regulations and rules, complex structure of international accounting, global pricing structure etc. But, such types of accounting related issues can be handled by the global organizations by adopting most appropriate, dynamic and effective accounting practices, policies and strategies at the workplace (Salmanulfarisi, 2012). Moreover, in this research paper, a brief literature review wou ld be conducted in order to analyze and understand the Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. Objectives of Literature Review: There are a lot of objectives of conducting this literature review such as: To identify the various types of accounting challenges encounter by the organizations at the global/international level To analyze the main causes behind the global accounting issues or challenges To access the impact of global/international accounting challenges on the business operations, profitability, marketability and revenue level of the global organizations To suggest different types of procedures, methods, practices and techniques to handle the accounting challenges faced by global firms All these objectives would be attained through conducting literature review in order to fulfill the aims of this paper. Scope of Literature Review: This literature review has wider scopes. For example, this research would provide opportunity to the readers, students and researcher to properly and effective understand the nature of global business organizations and impact of accounting challenges on their business. Moreover, this study is also provide scope to access a serious of accounting as well as financial challenges that have negative impact on the success of the global business organizations. At the same time, the study can also be used for the further research. Literature Review According to Salmanulfarisi (2012), today, there are a lot of examples of global organizations that had faced accounting/financial issues at the international level. Moreover, it is found that, global competition and complex business environment are the two major responsible factors that created accounting challenges for the global firms. For example, the global competition had forced the multinational companies to adopt and use international accounting standard and regulations in conducting their business functions. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, todays companies are strongly required to focus and adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) around the world. So, using and understanding of IFRS is more complicated task for the companies and their accountants. This created challenges for the management accountants because they have to adopt such challenging and complicated international accounting standards. In the same way, due to IFRS, global comp anies are facing control issues at the workplace (Kumar, Reddy and Ramaiah, 2014). Additionally, Zeghal and Mhedhbi (2006) analyzed that; accountants are not fully trained, and prepare to use such global financial standards in conducting accounting and financial functions. But, such global accounting rules and laws helped and provided the opportunities to the global companies, their management, staff and accountants international standards to understand the importance and significance of IFRS. Moreover, in the support of Anbalagan (2011) defined that, by using IFRS, they are able to perform several global accounting and financial functions more effectively and accurately. For example, with the effective use of IFRS, accountants had increased the level of sale, profit and productivity effectively. At the same time, it is also accessed that, IFRS had also forced the international accountants to use accounting as a rules of systems and conduct accounting task in prescribe the format and content of financial statements in order to access the financial situation of the firm. Chen, Yasar and Rejesus (2008) defined that; pervasive technology is also a key factor that had created accounting challenges for the global companies. For instance, global competition had strongly forced the global organizations to adopt pervasive technology such as accounting software/packages, new and innovative technology in conducting of their accounting, auditing, and financial tasks. But the main issue for the global accountants and auditor is to learn and use such technology which they are not familiar and well-known. For instance, Pervasive technology had forced the accountants/managers of global organizations to maintain the balance among the productivity advantages and potential pitfalls (Bragg, 2011). On the other hand, Pervasive technology provided a lot of tangible and intangible benefits to the global companies and their accountants. For example, through the effective and proper use of Pervasive technology, the accountants are able to conduct various accounting functio ns such as: billing, auditing, taxation, payroll, in easier and effective manner. In addition to this, pervasive technology had provided different benefits including cloud access, electronic invoicing etc. In this way, it helped the global companies in enhancing the abilities and skills of their accountants to meet compliance requirements without any specialized skills, knowledge and experience of accountants (Zainuddin and Sulaiman, 2015). Burns and Needles (2014) found that, most of business firms are conducting their business functions and operations globally and trying to build strong workforce from multiple countries. In this situation, the accountants as well as finance managers are required to effectively and properly understand the business culture as well as business perspectives of global nations. So, they needed to well-known and familiar with the global regulations, international laws and new accounting standards. Hence, globalized economy is crating the accounting challenges for the global companies and their workforce. In contrast, globalization had played a major role in the success of global companies. For instance, globalization is helping the firms to adopt new, innovative and effective legislation and improve their accounting and financial performance at the global level. Talha, Raja and Seetharaman (2010) stated that, the changes or modification in the current business environment is also considered one of the most reasons that created several accounting, financial, and auditing related challenges for the business firms at the global level. For example, todays global organizations are required to use and accept changing business era as their work in order to survive in the global market. Overall, it can be said that, global competition as well as business complexity are the fundamental environmental forced that created various kinds of accounting challenges in the front of global business firms or multinational companies. For example, changes in the business era had also forced the global firms and their accountants to manage and control tax matters, legal matters, human resources, risk assessment, information management by using internal standards and laws of accounting. In the words of DAUDA, OMBUGADU and Umbugadu (2015), as the global business environment is characterized with the different cultural values, economic traditions, languages, social civilization, global companies are also required to use, adopt and follow different kinds of accounting principles, standards, practices in conducting their business functions related to finance, accounting and auditing. Simply, this statement indicates that, the main factor behind the accounting issues is The Emergence of New International Accounting Standards. But, such new standards helped the stakeholders of the global companies to compare and understand the financial health of the companies properly. It means through the use of new standards, global companies are able to improve their ability in the global market and gain competitive scope over the others. Hence, new rules of accounting helped the global companies to bring development and innovation within their financial and accounting functions. Bhagat, McDevitt and Baliga (2017) analyzed that, firm consolidation is also considered and known as most significant factor that is creating accounting issues for the global companies. For example, in the present time, increased costs in all the business sector, minimizing expanses overheads, increasing offerings and sharing resources are the major issues for the global companies. In order to deal with such issues, consolidation is one of the best methods used by an accountant to deal with such serious issues. Moreover, in support of Goswami (2014) analyzed that; tax compliance is also a key issue in the front of global business firms. It is because today, accounting is presenting global issues to the multinational companies. It means dissimilar taxation systems, compliance, rates, of different nations is making accounting and financial functions more complex and challenging for the global business firms. But, a company can handle and control such kinds of accounting issues or chal lenges, if it adopts best accounting standards, international accounting standards and new technology. In addition to this, Parmar (2015) analyzed that, cultural differences and gaps in the communications of the nations are also affecting the business success and operations of a global company in the market. For instance, the accountants and financial managers of the global companies are not able to communicate effectively with the others due to differences in the language, values, ideas, culture, customs and norms. This is creating issues for the global companies and their accountants in the international market environment. On the other hand, it is also accessed that, in the current time, the global companies are also facing the issues due to worldwide accounting/auditing issues, political risks, and Universal payment methods, global pricing strategy, different cost calculation, differ accounting rules etc (Gurnani, 2015). Gaps Identified and Conclusions On the basis of above analysis, and facts identified, it is concluded that, in the present time, global business firms or multinational companies are facing serious issues or challenges related to accounting, reporting, auditing, financial systems. All these challenges are mainly created and generated by the globalization. In addition to this, it is also summarized that, due to competition, globalization, changes in the business environment, most of global firms are facing accounting issues at the workplace. Moreover, all these challenges are negatively affecting the overall success and business operations of the global firms directly or indirectly. In addition to this, it can also be summarized that, in order to effectively deal and manage such accounting challenges or issues, global organizations must adopt and implement best financial and accounting principles, standards, rules, and regulations. Moreover, all these should be used by the accountants and auditors of the global compa nies in order to avoid such accounting challenges. References Bragg, S.M. (2011). The New CFO Financial Leadership Manual. USA: John Wiley Sons. Parmar, B. (2015). Ethical Issues in Accounting Finance. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, 4(5), pp, 309-311. Goswami, M. (2014). Corporate Environmental Accounting: the issue, its practices and challenges: A study on Indian corporate accounting practices. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 16(5), pp, 36-42. DAUDA, I.A., OMBUGADU, B.A. and Umbugadu, S. (2015). Threats and Challenges to Accounting Profession: A Draw Back to the Development of Accounting Practices in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 5(4), pp. 96104. Chen, Y, M., Yasar, T. and Rejesus, R. (2008). Factors influencing the incidence of bribery payouts by firms: A cross country analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 7(7), pp, 231-244. Salmanulfarisi, A. (2012). Accounting cycle and the development of Accounting Practices in Nigeria Arabian. Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian chapter), 1(1), pp, 36-45. Zeghal, D. and Mhedhbi, K. (2006). An analysis of the factors affecting the adoption of international accounting standards by developing countries. The International Journal of Accounting, (41), pp. 373386. Zainuddin, Z.N. and Sulaiman, S. (2015). Challenges Faced by Management Accountants in The 21st Century. Procedia Economics and Finance, (37), pp, 466 470 Gurnani, R.M. (2015). Globalization and ethical challenges. The Business Management Review, 5(4), pp. 116-122. Anbalagan C. (2011). Impact of International Business Ethics, Economic systems and Intellectual Property Rights in Business and Management. International Journal of Marketing and Management Research, 2(1), pp, 2229-6883. Kumar, K.S., Reddy, G.P. and Ramaiah, G. (2014). The Importance of Business Ethics in Globalisation. International Journal of Advancements in Research Technology, 3(4), pp, 293 294. Talha, M., Raja, J. and Seetharaman, A. (2010). A new look at management accounting. Journal of Applied Business Research, 26(4), pp.83-87. Burns, J.O. and Needles, B.E. (2014). Accounting Education for the 21st Century: The Global Challenges. USA: Elsevier. Bhagat, R.S., McDevitt, A.S. and Baliga, B.R. (2017). Global Organizations: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Future. USA: Oxford University Press.